Many right answers: learning in mathematics through speaking and listening

Refresh your approach to teaching mathematics. Many Right Answers provides a focus on speaking and listening as an effective tool for learning mathematics. Many Right Answers: shows the reality of teaching and learning in some classrooms explores the complexity of teaching and learning, and of speaking and listening portrays and recognises that teachers are highly trained and reflective professionals encourages teachers to try out new things inspired by discussion with other practitioners. With additional comments from Professor Celia Hoyles OBE, this booklet and DVD provide support for trying out new ideas and building expertise over time, using the existing - and fine - practice currently out there. There are two free, downloadable accompanying resources - a learning journal, and questions and prompts

Carrots, sticks, and the multiplication effect

Although a punishment can be applied only once, the threat to punish (also referred to as stick) can be reiterated several times, because when parties obey, the punishment is not applied and thus the threat can be repeated. The same is not possible with promises to reward (also known as carrots), since they need to be carried on every time a party complies, and hence at each round a new reward is needed. We show that the multipliability of sticks has pervasive consequences in economics and law and provides a unified explanation for seemingly unrelated phenomena such as the dynamics of riots and revolutions, the divide-and-conquer strategy, comparative negligence, the anticommons problem, the use of property rules in markets, the most-favored nation clause, legal restrictions on penalties in employment contracts, and legal aid

When Will Judgment Proof Injurers Take Too Much Precaution?

Judgment proof injurers can be expected to take less than optimal precaution, as they bear only a part of the accident loss. However, it has been showed that under certain conditions the judgment proof problem can lead to overprecaution. We argue that overprecaution can never occur in magnitude models (where more precaution only reduces the magnitude of the harm) as opposed to the probability models traditionally used in the literature (where more precaution only reduces the probability of the accident). We also analyze mixed models and discuss the policy implications of our analysis.insolvency, judgment proof problem, liability, bankruptcy, overprecaution,

Determination of thickness and density of a wet multilayer polymer system with sub-nanometer resolution by means of a dual polarization silicon-on-insulator microring

Determination of both thickness and refractive index of a thin biomolecular or polymer layer in wet conditions is a task not easily performed. Available tools such as XPS, AFM, ellipsometry and integrated photonic sensors often have difficulties with the native wet condition of said agents-under-test, perform poorly in the sub-5 nm regime or do not determine both characteristics in an absolute simultaneous way. The thickness of a multilayer system is often determined by averaging over a large amount of layers, obscuring details of the individual layers. Even more, the interesting behavior of the first bound layers can be covered in noise or assumptions might be made on either thickness or refractive index in order to determine the other. To demonstrate a solution to these problems, a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) microring is used to study the adsorption of a bilayer polymer system on the silicon surface of the ring. To achieve this, the microring is simultaneously excited with TE and TM polarized light and by tracking the shifts of both resonant wavelengths, the refractive index and the thickness of the adsorbed layer can be determined with a resolution on thickness smaller than 0.1 nm and a resolution on refractive index smaller than 0.01 RIU. An adhesive polyethyleneimine (PEI) layer is adsorbed to the surface, followed by the adsorption of poly(sodium-4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH). This high-resolution performance in wet conditions with the added benefits of the SOI microring platform such as low cost and multiplexibility make for a powerful tool to analyze thin layer systems, which is promising to research binding conformation of proteins as well

Informed Consent to Address Trust, Control, and Privacy Concerns in User Profiling

More and more, services and products are being personalised or\ud tailored, based on user-related data stored in so called user profiles or user\ud models. Although user profiling offers great benefits for both organisations and\ud users, there are several psychological factors hindering the potential success of user profiling. The most important factors are trust, control and privacy\ud concerns. This paper presents informed consent as a means to address the\ud hurdles trust, control, and privacy concerns pose to user profiling

Duality of β-glucan microparticles: antigen carrier and immunostimulants

Designing efficient recombinant mucosal vaccines against enteric diseases is still a major challenge. Mucosal delivery of recombinant vaccines requires encapsulation in potent immunostimulatory particles to induce an efficient immune response. This paper evaluates the capacity of beta-glucan microparticles (GPs) as antigen vehicles and characterizes their immune-stimulatory effects. The relevant infectious antigen FedF was chosen to be loaded inside the microparticles. The incorporation of FedF inside the particles was highly efficient (roughly 85%) and occurred without antigen degradation. In addition, these GPs have immunostimulatory effects as well, demonstrated by the strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by porcine neutrophils upon their recognition. Although antigen-loaded GPs still induce ROS production, antigen loading decreases this production by neutrophils for reasons yet unknown. However, these antigen-loaded GPs are still able to bind their specific beta-glucan receptor, demonstrated by blocking complement receptor 3, which is the major beta-glucan receptor on porcine neutrophils. The dual character of these particles is confirmed by a T-cell proliferation assay. FedF-loaded particles induce a significantly higher FedF-specific T-cell proliferation than soluble FedF. Taken together, these results show that GPs are efficient antigen carriers with immune-stimulatory properties